There are several known liver metabolic defects which can lead to either abnormal or excess/deficient metabolites. It plays a pivotal role in metabolizing all macro and micronutrients in the body. The liver is the center for all metabolic pathways in the body. The pediatric and adult literature was thoroughly reviewed to organize the present review. The aim of this review is to sensitize and make pediatricians, hepatologists and ophthalmologists aware of specific ocular findings, suggestive of certain hepatobiliary disorders, thus helping in early referral. Early diagnosis is important, as in most cases, dietary restriction and early therapy prevents the onset of disability.
A thorough eye examination is important in distinguishing between several different forms of familial intrahepatic cholestasis which are associated with anomalies of the heart, bones, or kidneys. A number of inherited liver conditions have associated ocular lesions such as Kayser–Fleischer rings in Wilson's disease, posterior embryotoxon or optic drusen in Alagille's syndrome, and cherry-red spot in Niemann–Pick's type A. Eye abnormalities could be due to, either direct toxic effects of abnormal metabolites, excess of normal metabolites, or by deficient energy metabolism. However, due to its silent and heterogeneous presentation, it is often unrecognized and ignored. It is highly advantageous in metabolic liver disorders as it offers prognostic value and spares the patient of unnecessary invasive and detailed work up. Thus, it becomes critical to identify disorders of liver and eyes early in the course of illness, so that prompt management may be initiated before the commencement of complications. There are certain ocular findings which directly indicate specific liver disorders. Liver and eyes are interlinked to each other in various medical conditions. Our journal seeks to publish articles on basic clinical care and translational research focused on preventing rather than treating the complications of end-stage liver disease. Topics covered by AoH include alcoholic liver disease, autoimmune hepatitis, biliary diseases, drug-induced liver injury, genetic liver diseases, NAFLD/NASH and viral hepatitis (HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, HEV).
AoH publishes editorials, opinions, concise reviews, original articles, brief reports, letters to the editor, news from affiliated associations, clinical practice guidelines and summaries of congresses in the field of Hepatology. It is the official journal of the Mexican Association of Hepatology ( AMH), the Latin American Association for the Study of the Liver ( ALEH), the Canadian Association for the Study of the Liver ( CASL) and the Czech Society of Hepatology ( CSH). Annals of Hepatology (AoH) is an international, open access journal published bi-monthly with funds from the Fundación Clínica Médica Sur.
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